Research Progress on Three-dimensional SAR Imaging Techniques
Hong Wen Wang Yanping* Lin Yun Tan Weixian Wu Yirong
(Science and Technology on Microwave Imaging Laboratory, Beijing 100190, China)
(Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Beijing 100190, China)
(Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China)
Abstract：Conventional Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) moves along a straight line and forms a linear synthetic apertures. It can only obtain the two-dimensional (2-D) image of illuminated scene that is the projection of the three-dimensional (3-D) real scene onto a slant plane. The slant plane 2-D SAR image, however, suffers from layover and foreshortening effects. 3-D SAR imaging enables 3-D resolving capability by extending the acquisition of frequency information from 2-D to 3-D. It can obtain the 3-D distribution of scattering centers; therefore, it solves the geometric deformation problems of layover and foreshortening. 3-D SAR imaging has become a trending topic in research on SAR techniques worldwide. In this paper, we first introduced the concept of 3-D SAR imaging and several typical 3-D SAR imaging modes. Furthermore, it provides a discussion on research progress at home and abroad, particularly focusing on the progress of our research team. Finally, future research prospects are presented.
洪 文, 王彦平, 林 赟, 谭维贤, 吴一戎. 新体制SAR三维成像技术研究进展[J]. 雷达学报, 2018, 7(6): 633-654.
Hong Wen, Wang Yanping, Lin Yun, Tan Weixian, Wu Yirong. Research Progress on Three-dimensional SAR Imaging Techniques. JOURNAL OF RADARS, 2018, 7(6): 633-654.
Knaell K. Three-dimensional SAR from curvilinear apertures[C]. Proceedings of SPIE 2230, Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery, Orlando, FL, USA, 1994.
[2]
Soumekh M. Reconnaissance with slant plane circular SAR imaging[J]. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 1996, 5(8):1252-1265. DOI:10.1109/83.506760
[3]
Bryant M L, Gostin L L, and Soumekh M. 3-D E-CSAR imaging of a T-72 tank and synthesis of its SAR reconstructions[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 2003, 39(1):211-227. DOI:10.1109/TAES.2003.1188905
[4]
Fortuny J. Efficient algorithms for three-dimensional near-field synthetic aperture radar imaging[D].[Ph.D. dissertation], University of Karslruhe, 2001.
[5]
Fortuny J and Lopez-Sanchez J M. Extension of the 3-D range migration algorithm to cylindrical and spherical scanning geometries[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2001, 49(10):1434-1444. DOI:10.1109/8.954932
[6]
Reigber A and Moreira A. First demonstration of airborne SAR tomography using multibaseline L-band data[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2000, 38(5):2142-2152. DOI:10.1109/36.868873
[7]
谭维贤. 合成孔径雷达三维成像理论与方法研究[D].[博士论文], 中国科学院电子学研究所, 2009. Tan Wei-xian. Study on theory and algorithms for three-dimensional synthetic aperture radar imaging[D].[Ph.D. dissertation], Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2009.
[8]
洪文, 丁赤飚, 王彦平, 等. 确定微波三维成像中相位中心时空分布的方法[P]. 中国, CN201310699025, 2014. Hong Wen, Ding Chi-biao, Wang Yan-ping, et al.. Method for confirming space-time distribution of phase center in microwave three-dimensional imaging[P]. CN, CN201310699025, 2014.
[9]
Chan T K, Kuga Y, and Ishimaru A. Experimental studies on circular SAR imaging in clutter using angular correlation function technique[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1999, 37(5):2192-2197. DOI:10.1109/36.789616
[10]
She Z, Gray D A, Bogner R E, et al.. Three-dimensional SAR imaging via multiple pass processing[C]. Proceedings of IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Hamburg, Germany, 1999, 5:2389-2391. DOI:10.1109/IGARSS.1999.771519.
[11]
Fornaro G, Serafino F, and Soldovieri F. Three-dimensional focusing with multipass SAR data[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2003, 41(3):507-517. DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2003.809934
[12]
Fornaro G and Serafino F. Imaging of single and double scatterers in urban areas via SAR tomography[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2006, 44(12):3497-3505. DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2006.881748
[13]
Zhu X X and Bamler R. Super-resolution power and robustness of compressive sensing for spectral estimation with application to spaceborne tomographic SAR[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2012, 50(1):247-258. DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2011.2160183
[14]
Budillon A, Evangelista A, and Schirinzi G. Three-dimensional SAR focusing from multipass signals using compressive sampling[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2011, 49(1):488-499. DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2010.2054099
[15]
Aguilera E, Nannini M, and Reigber A. Wavelet-based compressed sensing for SAR tomography of forested areas[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2013, 51(12):5283-5295. DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2012.2231081
[16]
Aguilera E, Nannini M, and Reigber A. Multisignal compressed sensing for polarimetric SAR tomography[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2012, 9(5):871-875. DOI:10.1109/LGRS.2012.2185482
[17]
Gierull C H. On a concept for an airborne downward-looking imaging radar[J]. International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 1999, 53(6):295-304.
[18]
Giret R, Jeuland H, and Enert P. A study of a 3D-SAR concept for a millimeter wave imaging radar onboard an UAV[C]. Proceedings of the 1st European Radar Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2004:201-204.
[19]
Nouvel J, Jeuland H, Bonin G, et al.. A Ka band imaging radar:DRIVE on board ONERA motorglider[C]. Proceedings of 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Denver, USA, 2006:134-136. DOI:10.1109/IGARSS.2006.39.
[20]
Klare J, Weiß M, Peters O, et al.. ARTINO:A new high resolution 3D imaging radar system on an autonomous airborne platform[C]. Proceedings of 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Denver, USA, 2006:3842-3845.
[21]
Palm S, Oriot H M, and Cantalloube H M. Radargrammetric DEM extraction over urban area using circular SAR imagery[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2012, 50(11):4720-4725. DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2012.2191414
[22]
Ponce O, Prats P, Rodriguez-Cassola M, et al.. Processing of circular SAR trajectories with fast factorized back-projection[C]. Proceedings of 2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vancouver, Canada, 2011:3692-3695.
[23]
Ponce O, Prats-Iraola P, Scheiber R, et al. First airborne demonstration of holographic SAR tomography with fully polarimetric multicircular acquisitions at L-band[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2016, 54(10):6170-6196. DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2016.2582959
[24]
王斌. 多基线SAR三维成像的参数化模型和方法研究[D].[博士论文], 中国科学院研究生院, 2010. Wang Bin. Parametric algorithms of multi-baseline synthetic aperture radar[D].[Ph.D. dissertation], University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2010.
[25]
Wang B, Wang Y P, Hong W, et al. Studies on MB-SAR 3D imaging algorithm using Yule-walker method[J]. Science China Information Sciences, 2010, 53(9):1848-1859. DOI:10.1007/s11432-010-4040-7
[26]
毕辉. 基于稀疏信号处理的SAR/TomoSAR成像方法研究[D].[博士论文], 中国科学院大学, 2017. Bi Hui. Study on sparse signal processing based SAR/TomoSAR imaging methods[D].[Ph.D. dissertation], University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2017.
[27]
Bi H, Zhang B C, and Hong W. Matrix completion-based distributed compressive sensing for polarimetric SAR tomography[J]. Science China Information Sciences, 2015, 58(11):1-3. DOI:10.1007/S11432-015-5395-6
[28]
Bi H, Zhang B C, and Hong W. Lq regularization-based unobserved baselines' data estimation method for tomographic synthetic aperture radar inversion[J]. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, 2016, 10(3):035014. DOI:10.1117/1.JRS.10.035014
[29]
Bi H, Liu J G, Zhang B C, et al. Baseline distribution optimization and missing data completion in wavelet-based CS-TomoSAR[J]. Science China Information Sciences, 2018, 61(4):042302. DOI:10.1007/s11432-016-9068-y
[30]
彭学明. 机载下视稀疏阵列3D SAR分布式大场景回波模拟与成像处理算法研究[D].[博士论文], 中国科学院大学, 2014. Peng Xue-ming. Airborne downward looking sparse linear array three dimensional synthetic aperture radar distriubted large imaging scene echo simualtion and imaging algorithm research[D].[Ph.D. dissertation], University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2014.
[31]
Peng X M, Hong W, Wang Y P, et al. Polar format imaging algorithm with wave-front curvature phase error compensation for airborne DLSLA three-dimensional SAR[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2014, 11(6):1036-1040. DOI:10.1109/LGRS.2013.2282335
[32]
Peng X M, Wang Y P, Hong W, et al. Autonomous Narigation airborne forward looking SAR high precision pseudopolar format imaging with ourlapped sub-aperture algorithm[J]. Remote Sensing, 2013, 5(11).
[33]
Peng X M, Wang Y P, Hong W, et al. Airborne downward looking sparse linear array 3-D SAR heterogeneous parallel simulation[J]. Remote Sensing, 2013, 5(10):5304-5329. DOI:10.3390/rs5105304
[34]
韩阔业. 阵列天线下视3D SAR多通道幅相误差校正成像方法研究[D].[硕士论文], 中国科学院研究生院, 2011. Han Kuo-ye. Study on multi-channel amplitude-phase errors calibration and imaging methods of downward-looking 3D-SAR based on array antennas[D].[Master dissertation], University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2011.
[35]
Han K Y, Wang Y P, Tan W X, et al. Efficient pseudopolar format algorithm for down-looking linear-array SAR 3-D imaging[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2015, 12(3):572-576. DOI:10.1109/LGRS.2014.2351792
[36]
Han K Y, Wang Y P, Chang X K, et al. Generalized pseudopolar format algorithm for radar imaging with highly suboptimal aperture length[J]. Science China Information Sciences, 2015, 58(4):1-15. DOI:10.1007/S11432-014-5224-3
[37]
鲍慊. 三维合成孔径雷达稀疏成像方法研究[D].[博士论文], 中国科学院大学, 2017. Bao Qian. Study on sparse imaging algorithms for three-dimensional synthetic aperture radar[D].[Ph.D. dissertation], University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2017.
[38]
Bao Q, Peng X M, Wang Z R, et al. DLSLA 3-D SAR imaging based on reweighted gridless sparse recovery method[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2016, 13(6):841-845. DOI:10.1109/LGRS.2016.2550057
[39]
Bao Q, Peng X M, Lin Y, et al. Suboptimal aperture radar imaging by combination of pseudo-polar formatting and gridless sparse recovery method[J]. Electronics Letters, 2016, 52(9):765-766. DOI:10.1049/el.2016.0234
[40]
Bao Q, Jiang C L, Lin Y, et al. Measurement matrix optimization and mismatch problem compensation for DLSLA 3-D SAR cross-track reconstruction[J]. Sensors, 2016, 16(8):1333. DOI:10.3390/s16081333
[41]
Bao Q, Peng X M, Wang Y P, et al. Downward looking sparse linear array 3D SAR imaging algorithm based on back-projection and convex optimization[J]. Journal of Electronics (China) , 2014, 31(4):298-309. DOI:10.1007/s11767-014-4095-5
[42]
杨晓琳. 线阵成像雷达系统设计及幅相误差一致性校正方法研究[D].[博士论文], 中国科学院研究生院, 2014. Yang Xiao-lin. Research on system design and amplitude/phase errors correction for linear array imaging radar[D].[Ph.D. dissertation], University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2014.
[43]
杨晓琳, 谭维贤, 乞耀龙, 等. 基于单特显点目标回波的阵列3D SAR幅相误差一致性校正方法研究[J]. 雷达学报, 2014, 3(4):409-418. DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1300.2014.14037 Yang Xiao-lin, Tan Wei-xian, Qi Yao-long, et al. Amplitude and phase errors correction for array 3D SAR system based on single prominent point like target echo data[J]. Journal of Radars, 2014, 3(4):409-418. DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1300.2014.14037
[44]
丁振宇, 谭维贤, 王彦平, 等. 基于波数域子孔径的机载三维SAR偏航角运动误差补偿[J]. 雷达学报, 2015, 4(4):467-473. DOI:10.12000/JR15016 Ding Zhen-yu, Tan Wei-xian, Wang Yan-ping, et al. Yaw angle error compensation for airborne 3-D SAR based on wavenumber-domain subblock[J]. Journal of Radars, 2015, 4(4):467-473. DOI:10.12000/JR15016
[45]
丁振宇. 机载下视觉阵列三维SAR运动补偿方法研究[D].[博士论文], 中国科学院大学, 2015. Ding Zhen-yu. Research on airborne downward looking array three dimensional synthetic aperture radar motion compensation method[D].[Ph.D. dissertation], University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2015.
[46]
林赟. 圆迹合成孔径雷达成像算法研究[D].[博士论文], 中国科学院研究生院, 2011. Lin Yun. Study on algorithms for circular synthetic aperture radar imaging[D].[Ph.D. dissertation], University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2011.
[47]
林赟, 谭维贤, 洪文, 等. 圆迹SAR极坐标格式算法研究[J]. 电子与信息学报, 2010, 32(12):2802-2807. DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1146.2010.00003 Lin Yun, Tan Wei-xian, Hong Wen, et al. Polar format algorithm for circular synthetic aperture radar[J]. Journal of Electronics &Information Technology, 2010, 32(12):2802-2807. DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1146.2010.00003
[48]
Lin Y, Hong W, Tan W X, et al. Extension of range migration algorithm to squint circular SAR imaging[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2011, 8(4):651-655. DOI:10.1109/LGRS.2010.2098843
[49]
洪文, 林赟, 谭维贤, 等. 地球同步轨道圆迹SAR研究[J]. 雷达学报, 2015, 4(3):241-253. DOI:10.12000/JR15062 Hong Wen, Lin Yun, Tan Wei-xian, et al. Study on geosynchronous circular SAR[J]. Journal of Radars, 2015, 4(3):241-253. DOI:10.12000/JR15062
[50]
刘启. 地球同步轨道圆迹SAR成像方法研究[D].[博士论文], 中国科学院电子学研究所, 2012:1-18. Liu Qi. Investigation on the imaging methods for geosynchronous circular SAR[D].[Ph.D. dissertation], Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2012:1-18.
[51]
Liu Q, Hong W, Tan W X, et al. An improved polar format algorithm with performance analysis for geosynchronous circular SAR 2D imaging[J]. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, 2011, 119:155-170. DOI:10.2528/PIER11060503
[52]
洪文. 圆迹SAR成像技术研究进展[J]. 雷达学报, 2012, 1(2):124-135. DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1300.2012.20046 Hong Wen. Progress in circular SAR imaging technique[J]. Journal of Radars, 2012, 1(2):124-135. DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1300.2012.20046
[53]
刘婷. 基于DEM提取技术的机载圆迹SAR三维成像方法研究[D].[硕士论文], 中国科学院大学, 中国科学院研究生院, 2012. Liu Ting. Three-dimensional imaging Based on the technique of DEM extraction in Airborne Circular SAR[D].[Master dissertation], University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2012.
[54]
Lin Y, Hong W, Tan W X, et al. Interferometric circular SAR method for three-dimensional imaging[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2011, 8(6):1026-1030. DOI:10.1109/LGRS.2011.2150732
[55]
侯丽英. 干涉圆迹SAR的典型目标全方位三维重建方法研究[D].[硕士论文], 中国科学院大学, 2016. Hou Li-ying. Interferometric circular SAR all-around 3D reconstruction method study on typical target[D].[Master dissertation], University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2016.
[56]
侯丽英, 林赟, 洪文. 干涉圆迹SAR的目标三维重建方法研究[J]. 雷达学报, 2016, 5(5):538-547. DOI:10.12000/JR16009 Hou Li-ying, Lin Yun, and Hong Wen. Three-dimensional reconstruction method study based on interferometric circular SAR[J]. Journal of Radars, 2016, 5(5):538-547. DOI:10.12000/JR16009
[57]
Bao Q, Lin Y, Hong W, et al. Holographic SAR tomography image reconstruction by combination of adaptive imaging and sparse Bayesian inference[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2017, 14(8):1248-1252. DOI:10.1109/LGRS.2017.2704601
[58]
乞耀龙. 近景微波三维成像模型与方法研究[D].[博士论文], 中国科学院研究生院, 2012. Qi Yao-long. Study on imaging model and algorithms for near range three-dimensional microwave imaging[D].[Ph.D. dissertation], University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2012.
2018, Vol. 7 
